Dr. Krishnakanth AVBConsultant Urologist

01Treatments & Procedures

Know what a procedure involves before you decide

Each guide follows the same structure — when treatment is considered, what the procedure involves, expected recovery, common risks and frequently asked questions.

Doctor performing an ultrasound examination

01Stone Surgery

RIRS (Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery)

A minimally invasive procedure where a thin flexible scope is passed through the urinary passage to the kidney, and stones are dusted with a laser — no cuts required.

URSL (Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy)

Endoscopic treatment of ureteric stones: a scope is passed up the ureter and the stone is broken with a laser.

PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy)

Keyhole surgery for large or complex kidney stones through a small tract from the back directly into the kidney.

ESWL (Shock Wave Lithotripsy)

A non-invasive treatment that uses focused shock waves from outside the body to break kidney or ureteric stones into small fragments.

DJ Stenting (Ureteric Stent)

A soft internal tube placed between the kidney and bladder to keep urine draining past a blockage or after stone surgery.

Doctor reviewing a scan on a tablet

02Prostate Procedures

TURP (Transurethral Resection of the Prostate)

Endoscopic surgery for prostate enlargement: obstructing prostate tissue is removed through the urethra, with no external cuts.

HoLEP (Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate)

A laser procedure that shells out the obstructing prostate tissue through the urethra, suitable for prostates of almost any size.

Medical Treatment of BPH

Tablets that relax the prostate or shrink it over time — the usual first step for bothersome prostate symptoms.

Doctors studying an X-ray film

03Urethral Reconstruction

Urethral Dilatation

Gentle stretching of a narrowed urethra using graduated instruments — a short procedure, usually for short, first-time strictures.

DVIU (Direct Visual Internal Urethrotomy)

An endoscopic procedure where the scarred narrowing of the urethra is incised internally under vision.

Urethroplasty (Urethral Reconstruction)

Open reconstructive surgery that removes or rebuilds the scarred segment of the urethra — the most durable treatment for significant strictures.

Ultrasound machine in a clinic room

04Bladder Procedures

Cystoscopy

A look inside the bladder with a thin telescope — the key test for blood in urine, bladder symptoms and follow-up of bladder conditions.

TURBT (Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour)

Endoscopic removal of bladder tumours through the urethra — both a treatment and the way bladder cancer is diagnosed and staged.

Intravesical Therapy (BCG / Chemotherapy into the Bladder)

Medication placed directly into the bladder through a catheter to reduce recurrence of certain bladder cancers after TURBT.

Surgeon in operating theatre

05Laparoscopic Urology

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Keyhole removal of a kidney through small incisions, for cancer or a non-functioning kidney.

Laparoscopic Adrenal Surgery

Keyhole removal of an adrenal gland tumour, usually after hormonal evaluation.

Other Laparoscopic Urological Procedures

Keyhole approaches are also used for kidney cysts, PUJ obstruction repair (pyeloplasty) and undescended testis, among others.

Kidney cancer awareness lettering on blue

06Urological Oncology

Kidney Cancer Surgery

Surgical treatment of kidney tumours, ranging from removal of just the tumour (partial nephrectomy) to removal of the whole kidney.

Bladder Cancer Surgery

From endoscopic removal (TURBT) for early disease to removal of the bladder (cystectomy) for muscle-invasive cancer.

Prostate Cancer Evaluation & Treatment

From PSA testing and biopsy to active surveillance, surgery or radiation — treatment is matched to the individual cancer.

Laboratory research with microscope

07Male Infertility

Evaluation of Male Infertility

A structured assessment — history, examination, semen analysis and selected hormone tests — to find treatable causes.

Varicocele Management

Observation, or surgical/radiological repair when a varicocele causes pain, testicular growth concerns or abnormal semen parameters.

Surgical Sperm Retrieval

Techniques that obtain sperm directly from the testis or epididymis for use with ICSI, when sperm is absent from the ejaculate.

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